lukmania

THEORY OF TEACHING

First lg=native lg

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Second lg vs. foreign lg

You learn a second lg when you learn it in a country where it is spoken, e.g. Canada, when you go to some country to learn the lg. of this country,

Foreign lg

Target lg

Acquisition vs. learning lg

Acquisition

Learning lg

3 elements of acquisition of learning

1) rate

the fastest learners→adults, adolescents

the slowest→childern (e.g. they cannot write so fast)

2) route

almost everybody follows the same route of acquisition. Every lg has it’s natural sequence of acquisition.

3) 100% success

A mistake

An error

Competence

The rules can be completely correct or partially correct.

e.g we formulated the rule of how to formulate a past tense in polish but we cannot verbalize that, but still it creates grammar. We acquired it as children.

We cannot look into sb’s brain and check competence. The only thing we can look at is:

Performance-

What indicates the level of performance?

 the application of competence: speech, writing, general comprehension (reading and listening) is the linguistic rules which we create in terms of grammar. We create the concepts about the rules or we can acquire it by e.g. listening. You formulate a certain concepts about grammar in the bran. All this concepts constitute/create a lg grammar – happens when you do not know the ruleErrors show the level of development we can see on which point of the route the students is. – happens when you know the rule but you fail to apply it for some reasons (you’re tired, in a hurry stress) is acquire to the native speakers (vocab, pronunciation, grammar etc. –when we’re efficient – the sequence of items which we incorporate to our linguistic system (syntactic items and grammar) – how fat you acquire the lg, the speed of leaning- a conscious study of a lg– subconscious and it’s done to exposure, you’re exposed to a lg in a environment where it is spoken – any lg you attempt to learn (foreign, second, first) - when you learn it in a country where it’s not spoken, eg. English in Poland.

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comprehension: when we know enough rules to understand

we measure and compare a performance of other people. We only judge the competence via performance. But we can create a mistaken view of sb’s performance (lack of time, you’re tired)

Individual learner differences

There are certain aspects/factor which can influence the learning:

1) personal factors

a) group dynamics

b) attitude to a teacher and the materials

c) individual learning techniques

2) general factors

a) age

b) attitude

c) cognitive style

d) motivation

e) personality

Apart from severe handicaps/disorders everybody can acquire the first lg and the target lg. learning the language is independent from intelligence.

PERSONAL FACTORS

a) group dynamics

b) attitude to teacher and course of materials

b) individual learning techniques

PF are difficult to study. It may be studied by asking learners to write diaries, but it wouldn’t be precise anyway.

Ad a)

You have the successful self-image→ positive associations→ motivation →you learn

When you see yourself within a group as an unsuccessful learner: anxiety and stress.

Then 2 things may happen: there are 2 kinds of anxiety:

Facilitating anxiety & debilitating anxiety

If it is facilitating you realize that you the weakest in the group (or simply weak) and they you try to increase your efforts to become better. This will lead to your improved learning, which in due time will lead to a successful self-image.

However, if the anxiety is debilitating the ss will try to avoid the contact with/ or limit the contact with the source of the anxiety – they feel themselves weak and they give up – they start missing classes, coming late, not saying anything etc. in effect they will have even less successful self-image.

Ad b)

If you find you teaching material interesting and so on then your motivation will increase, of you find them boring, unattractive – it will decrease.

Ad c)

Also: various ways of getting input in learning foreign languages, e.g. conversation, listening to the radio, going to the cinema.

Individual learning techniques will influence you success as well as your rate

all people learn the same things in a variety of ways. The only question is whether you can find a technique which is appropriate to you; to find a techniques which is the least time-consuming. you positive attitude to the teacher will increase your learning and the other way round. It’s about whether a particular teacher meets a particular student. Ss like teachers who are predictable – whose reactions to certain situations they can predict. Ss fear teachers whose moods are unpredictable. the relationship that is established within a group of learners (it may create a feeling of anxiety or support, the groups may be cooperative of competitive). In a competitive group you tend to compare yourself to other people, if you turn out to be successful you have motivation increase, then you learn more→they are highly individual – much easier to define and measure - very difficult to observe, usually refer to factor connected with emotions (affective factor)